Now, in NOVA
Into a more singular than the world of science fiction
Where to break the routine
Where there is a new point of view of the universe, bringing you to a new world beyond imagination
This is the world of string theory
Is used to describe a variety of forces, from atoms to the Earth as a way for all substances
Until the end of the galaxy
From the time of production to the end, a single theory
Theory of everything
This new world leads us to the wizard is the cloth ex. Greaney
Best--selling author and physicist
No matter what I come here a few times
But always unable to adapt to
He'll help us do the biggest question of modern physics
Based on our understanding of the two sets of laws of the universe
Do not agree with it?
Even contrary to Einstein
He made a final inquiry
Decades later, we almost found a breakthrough
The solution is to string
Small piece of the energy shock like the strings on the cello
In reality the core of the universe symphony
It is to have a cost: a parallel universe and 11--dimensional
Most of you have not seen
We do live in a more dimensional than the eye can see in the universe
That there are extra dimensions of space who was once seen as a madman
Or a mentally disordered person
Fantasy or science and mathematics and there are unique theory?
If string theory can not provide the expected detection
No one will believe it
Theoretical physics or philosophy?
Sure is that string theory has taught us
Strange universe is much more than we thought
In tonight ...
Begins with an apple
The success of Newton's equations to the word of the planets, stars of the inquiry
A long way to go
Einstein gave a new perspective on the gravity
When he interrupted
String scientists dare to continue
But they are far from Einstein's dream of it?
The Elegant Universe is now right to observe
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Fifty years ago
The house appeared in one of the mysteries of modern science and the largest
So esoteric mysteries, so many scientists in cutting--edge physics
Trying to find solutions
Albert Einstein of his last 20 years in this house is located in Princeton, New Jersey, spent
The second floor of his study in his
Einstein doggedly explore a universe of all activities to a single general theory of
Even when death
Einstein is still holding tight notes
Strive to come up with a formula came to be known
And there are theories that
The history of science that he has reached the edge of the most important findings
Einstein ran out of time
Failed to realize their dreams
Today, after half a century
Einstein's law that the goal of unifying all the universe
Overarching theory
Has become the Holy Grail of modern physics
We feel almost complete Einstein's dream
Because this new concept called string theory
If this is correct revolutionary theory
We are shocked
String theory that we live in a
Blending reality and fiction in the universe
11--dimensional universe
There are parallel universes around
Music by the string composed of the elegant universe
But with its ambitions
The basic concept of string theory was surprisingly easy
It says everything in the universe
From tiny particles to the farthest star to a component form by
Was surprisingly small, constantly vibrating, called the energy of string
As the strings on the cello can play the notes of rich
Small strings of string theory vibration in different ways
Constitute all of nature
In other words,
Universe, the universe as a large symphony echoing
The energy of these vibrations play the notes of the various
String theory is still preliminary
But it has presented the new face of the universe
Strange and beautiful
Why think that we all understand the complexity of the universe
It and there are classified as a single theory?
We have R mu nu, -- 0.5g mu nu R
Do you remember? Equal to 8 Pi G T mu nu ...
From the adjustment of Einstein -- Hubert the action, come and this equation
Remember this name?
No, that is the scalar curvature
This is the ricci tensor
You learn it?
No matter how hard
Physics can not teach a dog 109,
They can not grasp the brain
It us?
We can understand the laws of this universe, the maximum depth of it?
Today, physicists are confident that we can
We took over the Albert Einstein left the pursuit of grand unified
Grand Unified Law is formulated, describing
The known universe to a single concept
A precise formula
We believe that such a formula does
Because in the past 200 years
Our understanding of the universe given the explanation can not help but ultimately the same
They all seem to us to find a single concept in the pool
Grand unification is the goal
First, our pursuit of Datong
The goal of basic physics phenomena to see the world more and more
To the principle of less is more streamlined
As physicists, we feel that if we use simple methods to explain phenomena
That is progress
Considered to be emotionally
The great physical theories, should contain a variety of different physical phenomena
Therefore, to unify our understanding is a natural
This progress is the fundamental science
Far before Einstein
The history of science to seek a grand unified famous for accidents
Things in 1665
A young man sitting under a tree, a sudden
He saw an apple fall from a tree
As Apple's fall
Newton revolutionized our view of the universe
The idea of ??his daring
Apple Newton claimed that the force drop
And that the moon around the earth is the same force
Event of a fall
Newton unified the heavens and the earth as a single theory of gravity called
The unity of heaven and earth
Dominated the celestial law of the same operation, the master of the tides, as well as fruit drop
It is a wonderful view of the unity of our natural
Gravity is the first approved by the scientific power
Although the final discovery of another three
Although Newton discovered the law of gravitation has been 300 years
He described this power equation, we now can make use of accurate prediction
Indeed, scientists have only Newton's laws to plan rocket launch
The man on the moon
However, there is a problem
When his theory accurately describes the strength of gravity
Newton had a embarrassing hidden secret:
He does not understand the actual operation of gravity
Nearly 250 years
Scientists avoid the mystery
The early 1900
The work of a Swiss patent office clerk changed everything ordinary
Examination of patent applications
Einstein was still thinking about the characteristics of light
Einstein did not expect him to light reflections, will lead him to solve the Mystery of Newton's gravitational
26 years old
Einstein make a shocking discovery:
The speed of light is a cosmic speed limit
Nothing can surpass the speed of
However, this view he published shortly
He found the father in the confrontation with the gravity
The problem is
All the concepts can not exceed the speed of light and does not match the Newtonian view of gravity
Understand this contradiction
Let's do an experiment
First create a cosmic disaster
Assuming a sudden, without warning
The sun disappeared completely evaporated
To replay the disaster, described by Newton's look at the impact on the planet
Newton's theory is expected to destroy the sun
Will immediately fly to the planet from orbit space
In other words,
Newton think that no matter how close the distance, gravity will have an effect
Therefore, we immediately felt the impact of the sun to destroy
But Newton's theory of Einstein to see a big problem
Light of the problem from his
He knew not the moment of transmission of light
In fact, the light from the sun 8 minutes for 9 thousand years to reach the Earth 3 million
He pointed out that everything, including gravity, can not exceed the speed of light
How can the Earth from orbit
After the destruction of the darkness before the appearance of the sun we see it?
The rising star of the Swiss Patent Office, there is nothing that can surpass the speed of light
Means that 250 years Newton's theory of gravity is wrong
If Newton is wrong, then how planets exist?
Remember, the success of Newton's laws
Learn from the exploration of the stars
In particular, the question how to form planetary orbits
Newton's equation of motion of the planets can be calculated
Einstein will be difficult to break
Close to 30 years old
Einstein thought the new cosmology
Speed ??of gravity is not transcendent
Patent office during the day, he still
Crack the mysteries of the Road alone took
After nearly 10 years of hard thinking, he finally found a new unified theory of the answer
He thought of the three--dimensional universe
And time constitute a single--dimensional space--time
He wanted to know the principle of four--dimensional space--time geometry
To describe the surface of the object movement in this space
As the surface of the trampoline
This structure will be like one of the planets, stars like the heavy distortion or stretching
It is caused by space--time distortion or stretching of the gravity we feel
Earth orbiting other stars
Not, as Newton's theory says, the power of the sun in time pull
Just as the sun curves space--time caused by the surface
With this new understanding of gravity
Let us repeat times cosmic disaster
Let us look at the case of the absence of the sun
Gravitational instability causes
Surface diffusion along the space--time wave
Like a stone thrown into the water ripples caused by
Therefore, before the wave did not reach the Earth, orbit around the Earth is constant
Again
Einstein calculated to equal the speed of gravity and the speed of light microwave
With this new concept
Einstein explained the speed of gravity and Newton's Contradictions
There
Einstein revealed to the people the true appearance of gravity:
Is the surface of the bend and twist space--time
Einstein called the general theory of relativity
Einstein was a household name just a few years
Like a rock star at the time of Einstein
He was the most well--known figure
He and Charlie Chaplin was the most prominent
His research attention
They eagerly look forward to, because of his outstanding general theory of relativity
Law of gravitation in his brain remodeling
Hope that he will make persistent efforts
It is hoped that the pursuit of boom
Einstein was not satisfied with his achievement
He quickly look at the higher target
Another would force was known to his induction in the new theory of gravity
The electromagnetic force
Unified electromagnetic force for decades, but
Mid--19th century, electricity and magnetism
Aroused the interest of scientists
These two forces have a common relationship between magic
Mosi that inventors make good use of this
For example, T
Electric pulse transmitted through the wire and a magnet for thousands of miles away
Familiar with the Mosi password generated points and lines
Instant message reached the other side of the continent
Although the cable caused a sensation
They contain the basic scientific principles is still a mystery
As for the Scottish scientist Maxwell
The relationship between electricity and magnetism
Very obvious need to harmonize
If you reach the top in the storm
Will realize that the close relationship between gravity and magnetic
When a string of charged particles flowing through
If a bunch of lightning to produce a magnetic field
You can be confirmed on the compass
Attracted by the relationship
Scots decided to explain this
The relationship between electricity and magnetism, by mathematical language
Breakthrough
Maxwell to four groups of mathematical equations
The electric and magnetic summarized as a form of electromagnetic force.
Like their predecessors, like Newton
Maxwell's unified theory of leadership in the scientific community to further explore the mysteries of the universe
Really great, really different phenomena linked
Is a different phenomenon from a single unit or a single fundamental principle of a further example of the fundamental
Imagine all you think
And electromagnetic--related things
4 groups are available to write down a simple equation
That incredible? I feel very elegant
Einstein think this is a great achievement of physics
Maxwell is revered
Maxwell electromagnetic 50 years after reunification
Einstein confident that the new theory of gravitation and Maxwell's electromagnetic unity
Can come up with a set of equations describe the total of all things
Describe the whole universe
Einstein convinced
The universe has a comprehensive and beautiful mode of operation
Asked him why he is so concerned about the grand unified?
The answer is simple, because Einstein is so
Physicists want to know God thinking
That the entire universe
Now this is the goal of string theory:
To a unified understanding of all
Spiral galaxies from birth to the universe to a set of principles
A set of equations
Newton's law of gravitation unify the world
Maxwell unified the electromagnetic
Einstein speculated, and there are theories to establish
A theory that contains all the laws of the universe
To make a new theory of gravity and electromagnetic theory combined
He does have that motivation
One may be aesthetic, or the pursuit of simplicity
Another point may be due to the fact that physics, gravity equal to the speed and the speed of light
If they are equal to the speed
Show that they are relatively hidden
When Einstein started a unified gravitational and electromagnetic force
The forces will find the strength and the poor, beyond their similarities
Let me explain
We think that very strong gravitational
After all this strength, that I am very stable stood on the edge
However, compared with the electromagnetic force is insignificant
In fact, there is a small test to prove
If I jump out of this high--rise
In fact, do not assume, do also, you'll know what I mean
Of course, I was a bloody
Important question is:
What is to stop me falling into place whatever is going on across the sidewalk?
It sounds very strange, the answer is magnetic
See everything, including you, me, sidewalk
From the tiny atom of matter called
Each atom are negatively charged outer
So when I collided with atoms and atomic cement
Charges repel each other, too powerful
To be able to resist a piece of sidewalk throughout the Earth's gravity, and then fall down to stop me
In fact the electromagnetic force billions of times stronger than the gravitational
Seems very strange, because we are close to the Earth gravity to
The earth around the sun
But the fact is
It is so huge because of its material objects have an effect polymerization
Like you, I, the earth, the sun
In the independent atomic level, was incredibly weak gravitational
Einstein will face great challenges, like a unified force of the two words of the strength of disparity
Worse
Soon he started, physics has played a tremendous change, so that he left behind
Until 1920, the Albert Einstein of excellence
He naturally wants to go further and play games such theories,
To achieve higher success. But he can not
1920,1930 age, nature shows its other side
Einstein made great success of the special skills and tools
Useless
1920, a group of young scientists snatched Einstein's light
When they find a strange new physical methods
They are very strange view of the universe
Science fiction has become less
Order to explore the great unification of Einstein reversed
Led by Danish physicist Niels Bohr
The scientists found a new field of the universe
Atom was the smallest part of nature as
Found to be composed of smaller particles:
Known nuclei, including protons, neutrons, and it runs around the electronic
Einstein and Maxwell's theory can not
Explain the fine material in the interaction of exotic atoms
How to describe it all is a mystery at the time
How to explain how the nucleus will
Split the atom in different ways when
The theory has been unable to take over the task of interpretation
Gravity is too weak, insignificant
Not very adequate electromagnetic force
There is no theory to explain this strange world
Scientists are lost in this strange field of atomic
To find recognizable landmarks
The late 1920s, everything changed
During these years
Physicists developed a theory of quantum mechanics
It successfully describes the microscopic field
And one thing:
This is completely new theory of quantum mechanics shattered the world view the past
Einstein that the universe is regular, discernable
And do not agree with Bohr
He and his partners claim that the level of atoms and particles
Is a random world
At the atomic and quantum levels, is dominated by volatile
According to quantum mechanics, you can only
Predict the probability of generating a certain result
This opens up the strange point of view the new realities of the worrisome view of the door
So disturbing
Found in everyday life strange features of quantum mechanics
As the coffee shop in this quantum
You think you may be crazy
The laws of the quantum world and the laws we are used to very different
Our everyday experience and see the world of quantum mechanics, but also very different
Crazy world of quantum mechanics. This is the most apt to say:
This is a crazy world
Nearly 80 years, the success of quantum mechanics describes the strange strange
The reality of the universe micro--
Level in daily life
We do not feel weird quantum mechanics
Coffee shop in quantum mechanics, the big day seems extremely small things
Whether to several
Still used
I like a cup of orange juice
I try
She said try.
Quantum cafe does not specify what the people
Because here everything is random
I want orange juice, I might get some opportunities only
By other results, do not despair
Because the interpretation of quantum mechanics
Are yellow and red fruit juice are likely to
Occur only in the parallel universe
As real as the universe with us
If there are 1000 possible occurrence of quantum mechanics can not determine which
1000 is even possible
You can laugh at that
That is wrong
New theory of physics, first introduced many are considered to be wrong
The fact Quedui
Said it was wrong before, be careful
Even in our universe
Quantum mechanics that is still possible
We usually think that happens impossible
For example, particles may pass through walls and other obstacles
We do not think that through the
I even have the opportunity to pass through a wall
Quantum calculations do show in the daily world
Always possible, I would keep hitting the wall
Can succeed
And here, this thing happens
You need to learn to remove the assumptions of the world
To understand quantum mechanics
Intuitively
I have a deep understanding of quantum mechanics? No
Einstein did not
He was convinced that the universe is defined, predictable
We can only calculate
Things could happen
This is the Einstein of the resistance
Quantum mechanics that can not determine the outcome of any experiment
The results can only be pointed out that the number of opportunities to occur
Einstein was against this. He often said
God will not still die
And again and again proved wrong Albert Einstein
Quantum mechanics can indeed explain the operation of sub--atomic world
Thus quantum mechanics is not a luxury
Dispensable
Why is this water?
Why light direct the water?
Why is transparent? While the other is not?
How to form molecules? Why is this reaction?
When you want to know what the atomic level when
Non--intuitive
Bird can use quantum mechanics
Quantum mechanics is very accurate
Prediction of quantum mechanics has never been a contradiction
Never
To the 1930s, Einstein's quest for grand unified obstacles encountered
The quantum mechanics solved the mystery of the atom
Scientists found that gravity and electromagnetic force is not the only forces dominating the universe
After the atomic structure of
Found that the two forces
One is the strong nuclear force
Like glue, like withholding each nucleus
Bind protons and neutrons
Another called the weak force
Let neutron into a proton, the release of radiation
In the quantum level, we are most familiar with the strength of gravity
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537 00:45:11,500 ----> 00:45:14,500 ????? 538 00:45:14,500 ----> 00:45:20,000 ????????????????? 539 00:45:20,000 ----> 00:45:23,500 ?????????? 540 00:45:23,500 ----> 00:45:28,000 ??????? 541 00:45:28,000 ----> 00:45:32,000 ????? 542 00:45:32,000 ----> 00:45:36,000 ?????????? 543 00:45:36,000 ----> 00:45:43,000 ?1916??????? 544 00:45:43,500 ----> 00:45:49,500 ??????????? 545 00:45:49,500 ----> 00:45:56,500 ?????????????????????? 546 00:45:57,500 ----> 00:46:02,000 ?????? 547 00:46:02,000 ----> 00:46:07,500 ????????????? 548 00:46:07,500 ----> 00:46:11,500 ?????,??????? 549 00:46:11,500 ----> 00:46:17,500 ?????? 550 00:46:17,500 ----> 00:46:24,500 ??????????? 551 00:46:25,000 ----> 00:46:26,500 ???? 552 00:46:26,500 ----> 00:46:33,500 ????????????????? 553 00:46:34,500 ----> 00:46:41,500 ?????????????? 554 00:46:41,500 ----> 00:46:48,500 ??????????,????????? 555 00:46:50,500 ----> 00:46:55,500 ???????????? 556 00:46:55,500 ----> 00:46:58,000 ????: 557 00:46:58,000 ----> 00:47:03,500 ?????????? 558 00:47:03,500 ----> 00:47:07,500 ???????????? 559 00:47:07,500 ----> 00:47:12,500 ???????????????? 560 00:47:12,500 ----> 00:47:18,000 ??????,??????? 561 00:47:18,000 ----> 00:47:20,500 ??????? 562 00:47:20,500 ----> 00:47:25,000 ????????? 563 00:47:25,000 ----> 00:47:30,000 ????????? 564 00:47:30,000 ----> 00:47:35,000 ???????????????? 565 00:47:35,000 ----> 00:47:36,500 ????,??? 566 00:47:36,500 ----> 00:47:38,000 ????????? 567 00:47:38,000 ----> 00:47:42,000 ??????,?????? 568 00:47:42,000 ----> 00:47:44,500 ????????????? 569 00:47:44,500 ----> 00:47:48,500 ??????????????? 570 00:47:48,500 ----> 00:47:52,500 ???,??,??????? 571 00:47:52,500 ----> 00:47:56,500 ??????????? 572 00:47:56,500 ----> 00:48:00,000 ??????????,?????? 573 00:48:00,000 ----> 00:48:03,000 ??,???? 574 00:48:03,000 ----> 00:48:09,500 ?????????????? 575 00:48:09,500 ----> 00:48:16,000 ??????? 576 00:48:16,000 ----> 00:48:19,500 ???????? 577 00:48:19,500 ----> 00:48:23,500 ?????????? 578 00:48:23,500 ----> 00:48:29,500 ????????????? 579 00:48:29,500 ----> 00:48:35,000 ???????????? 580 00:48:35,000 ----> 00:48:37,500 ????????? 581 00:48:37,500 ----> 00:48:39,500 ?????? 582 00:48:39,500 ----> 00:48:45,500 ??????????,??????????? 583 00:48:45,500 ----> 00:48:52,000 ??????????? 584 00:48:52,000 ----> 00:48:56,000 ?????????? 585 00:48:56,000 ----> 00:48:58,500 ??????? 586 00:48:58,500 ----> 00:49:02,500 ????????? 587 00:49:02,500 ----> 00:49:08,500 ????????????? 588 00:49:08,500 ----> 00:49:10,500 ??????????????? 589 00:49:10,500 ----> 00:49:16,000 ?????????? 590 00:49:16,000 ----> 00:49:22,000 ???????? 591 00:49:22,000 ----> 00:49:26,500 ?????????????: 592 00:49:26,500 ----> 00:49:28,500 ?????? 593 00:49:28,500 ----> 00:49:34,000 ????????????? 594 00:49:34,000 ----> 00:49:37,500 ??????? 595 00:49:37,500 ----> 00:49:43,000 ????????????????? 596 00:49:43,000 ----> 00:49:49,000 ???????????? 597 00:49:49,000 ----> 00:49:53,500 ?????,??? 598 00:49:53,500 ----> 00:49:57,000 ?????? 599 00:49:57,000 ----> 00:50:02,000 ??????????? 600 00:50:02,000 ----> 00:50:05,500 ???????????????????????? 601 00:50:05,500 ----> 00:50:10,000 ?????,????,?????? 602 00:50:10,000 ----> 00:50:14,500 ??????????????? 603 00:50:14,500 ----> 00:50:18,500 ????? 604 00:50:18,500 ----> 00:50:24,000 ????,??????? 605 00:50:24,000 ----> 00:50:29,000 ?????????????? 606 00:50:29,000 ----> 00:50:36,000 ???????????????? 607 00:50:36,500 ----> 00:50:41,000 100??,?????? 608 00:50:41,000 ----> 00:50:45,000 ???????????????? 609 00:50:45,000 ----> 00:50:49,000 ???????????. 610 00:50:49,000 ----> 00:50:56,000 ??????????????????? 611 00:50:57,500 ----> 00:51:00,000 ????,???????? 612 00:51:00,000 ----> 00:51:06,000 ????????? 613 00:51:06,000 ----> 00:51:13,000 ?100????,???? 614 00:51:16,000 ----> 00:51:18,500 ???????? 615 00:51:18,500 ----> 00:51:25,000 ?3?????????? 616 00:51:25,000 ----> 00:51:28,000 ??? 617 00:51:28,000 ----> 00:51:33,500 ??,?????????,??? 618 00:51:33,500 ----> 00:51:37,000 ?????????? 619 00:51:37,000 ----> 00:51:43,000 ?????????????? 620 00:51:43,000 ----> 00:51:50,000 ????????,???? 621 00:51:51,000 ----> 00:51:54,000 250?? 622 00:51:54,000 ----> 00:51:57,500 ???????,????? 623 00:51:57,500 ----> 00:52:01,500 ??????? 624 00:52:01,500 ----> 00:52:03,500 ?????? 625 00:52:03,500 ----> 00:52:10,500 ??????????????? 626 00:52:14,000 ----> 00:52:18,500 ????????50? 627 00:52:18,500 ----> 00:52:25,500 ???????????????? 628 00:52:36,000 ----> 00:52:43,000 ???????????? 629 00:52:43,500 ----> 00:52:49,500 ???????????? 630 00:52:49,500 ----> 00:52:51,500 ??????? 631 00:52:51,500 ----> 00:52:55,000 ?????????? 632 00:52:55,000 ----> 00:53:00,000 ?????????????? 633 00:53:00,000 ----> 00:53:03,500 ?????? 634 00:53:03,500 ----> 00:53:07,000 ??????????? 635 00:53:07,000 ----> 00:53:10,500 ??????? 636 00:53:10,500 ----> 00:53:17,500 ?????????????